I give some more or less silly and untested examples, however I'm not yet sure about the concrete syntax for the new forms.

There are a lot of cases where a programmer defines a boolean type e.g. as int:
typedef int bool;
In this case the statement "bool b = (x==17)" can be expressed by
cmp [x],17
sete dword ptr [b] // the form false=>0, true=>1; dword
as a replacement for
cmp [x],17
sete al
movzx eax,al
mov dword ptr [b],eax
The Windows API typically uses these booleans named BOOL.

The sgn function:
int sgn(int x)
{
if (x<0)
return -1;
else if (x>0)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
can be written as
test eax,eax
setg eax,sign // the form false=>-1, true=>-1; dword
setnz eax,zero // the form false=>0, true=>unchanged; dword
as a replacement for
cdq
neg eax
shr eax,31
or eax,edx

The Visual Basic boolean data type as well as Delphi's longbool/wordbool/bytebool defines false as 0 and true as -1. These boolean values can simply generated with e.g.
cmp...
setcc eax,mask // the form false=>0, true=>-1; dword
as a replacement for
cmp...
setcc al
movzx eax,al
neg eax

If the value must be written to memory:
cmp...
setcc dword ptr [x],mask // the form false=>0, true=>-1; dword
as a replacement for
cmp...

setcc al
movzx eax,al
neg eax
mov dword ptr [x],eax

The fragment
q = (q << 1)+(x>17);
can be written as
cmp [x],17
setg // the form where only the carry flag is set
adc eax,eax // assuming that q is in register eax
or
cmp [x],17
setg edx // the form false=>0, true=>1; dword
lea eax,[eax*2+edx] // assuming that q is in register eax
as a replacement for
cmp [x],17

setg dl
movzx edx,dl
lea eax,[eax*2+edx] // assuming that q is in register eax